toxic chemicals in the environment ppt

Do not remove clothing stuck to victim. The level in smallmouth bass from the Kankakee River near Bourbonais: 9,530 ppt. We found 54 ppt of benzene in ambient air in Sandwich (Figure 2), while previous measurements of benzene reported by us in Newton during the 1990s were in the range of 5-10 ppb. Toxic Chemicals in Fish Mercury: Long-lived species like, tuna, shark, swordfish. It's FREE! A large marine paint-making company has been fined 650,000 after a highly toxic banned chemical was washed out from a holding tank into a "pristine . They can be chemical hazards (e.g., carcinogens, reproductive hazards, corrosives, or agents that affect the lungs or blood) or physical hazards (e.g., flammable, combustible, explosive, or reactive). Powered By Arb4Host Network, and climate change, Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) cause the destruction of. Instant access to millions of ebooks, audiobooks, magazines, podcasts and more. Department of Ecology (n.d.) Controlling Toxic Chemicals in Puget Sound. 'Screamingly high' levels of toxic forever chemicals are in the majority of pesticides used in US, research suggests Levels were up 19m ppt in one insecticide - the safe drinking amount is. Chemicals can move through air, soil, and water. Get rid of all un-needed chemicals Contact Chemicals Management at to get rid of un-needed chemicals. There is a huge count of toxic chemicals. Harmful properties There is particular concern about 3 types of chemicals in use today. ALL BRIEFINGS FACTSHEETS INFOGRAPHICS Physical hazards such as noise, fire, tornadoes, hurricanes, earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, floods and ionizing radiation. Poverty Racism Stress Access to health care Social support Nutrition, PowerPoint presentation 'Toxic Chemicals in the Daily Environment' is the property of its rightful owner. Well convert it to an HTML5 slideshow that includes all the media types youve already added: audio, video, music, pictures, animations and transition effects. Among these, 60,000 - 70,000 chemicals are very commonly used. Along with that the chemical or its subcomponents can travel through various pathways by getting mixed with other environmental components. Environmental chemicals refer to a chemical compound or chemical element present in air, water, food, soil, dust, or other environmental media such as consumer products. The first section compares major diseases caused by parasites, bacteria, viruses, and prions. Chlorine used in disinfection, arsenic and lead occurring naturally in water, PAHs and PCBs has various toxic effects. The science that involves the study of toxic chemicals and how they act in the environment is defined as Chemical Toxicology. The toxicity of elements and other chemicals is related to two factors: (1) the exposure (dose) and (2) the vulnerability of an organism to the particular substance. Chemical Storage Note: A layer of sand should be placed underneath secondary containers. "These findings point to the urgent need to eliminate more releases of these chemicals into the environment," said David Andrews, a senior scientist at the nonprofit Environmental Working Group and one of . Substances and Toxics ScienceEnvironmental Protection Agency Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry Many chemicals and pollutants are naturally present in the environment, while other chemicals are created by humans for use in consumer, or everyday, products. Examples of emerging diseases, such as swine influenza and SARS are discussed. Get powerful tools for managing your contents. Due to our dependency on crude oil the petrochemicals have become an important part of our lives but the same can be hazardous to human life and animal life. Toxicology | Definition | Types | Regulatory Guidelines | OECD Principles for GGS Medical College/Baba Farid Univ.of Health Sciences. The environment is full of chemicals. Villanueva, C.M. You take over 20,000 breaths a day. Arsenic is a potent poison, Many water supplies close to mines are contaminated by it, Arsenic causes harm by disrupting metabolism at the cellular level, and Arsenic can cause fetal death and malformations in many mammal species. Then you can share it with your target audience as well as PowerShow.coms millions of monthly visitors. Summary: Following the Lab Safety Rules will help prevent injury Thank You, 2023 SlideServe | Powered By DigitalOfficePro, - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - E N D - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -. Clipping is a handy way to collect important slides you want to go back to later. Environmental toxins can act as endocrine disruptors, cause cancer, and lead to the development of chronic illnesses. Some endocrine-disrupting chemicals are slow to break-down in the environment. Toxic Metals, Cardiovascular Disease, and EDTA Chelation Therapy - . Absorption may take place through the skin, stomach, or lungs. Eye accident Wash the eye with copious amounts of water for at least 15 min. Vikram Singh is author at LeraBlog. Curr Opin Pediatr 25: 255-260 Cited In Villanueva, C.M. peroxide forming chemicals like ethyl ether and tetrahydrofuran). Our product offerings include millions of PowerPoint templates, diagrams, animated 3D characters and more. It is highly poisonous. pathology study (logos) of disease, Recognizing Chemical Hazards - . Hazardous man-made chemicals have contaminated every environment, and wildlife - including birds, polar bears, frogs, alligators and panthers - is known to be suffering. At least 400 million tonnes of chemicals are produced worldwide . Any chemical which, when ingested, inhaled, absorbed or injected into the body, in relatively small amounts, by its chemical action, may cause damage to structure or disturbance to function . Lab safety rules and symbols are needed so that students do not injure themselves or their classmates So lab safety is important to protect you and your Friends whom are working with you in the lab. Global Healing Center (2015) What Other Toxic Chemicals in Water Affect My Health? Now customize the name of a clipboard to store your clips. The presence of these toxic chemicals in water is known . Chemicals may also be excreted back into the environment or metabolized (bio-transformed) into other forms, which may be more or less toxic than the original chemical. The Process for Adding Chemicals to the Prop 65 List. Research showed that PAHs themselves are not carcinogenic Chemical transformation: (1) oxidation into an epoxide ring Their metabolic products are carcinogenic Addition of H+forms a stable cation that can bind to DNA, inducing mutations and cancer (2) Subsequent hydration produces the active carcinogen PAHs(Cont.) . lisa stevens, d.o. NRDC is pushing Congress to reform outdated chemical-safety laws and close loopholes exploited by the chemical industry. Liquid acids and bases are stored in a corrosives cabinet Within the cabinet, the acids and bases should be stored in separate plastic tubs or other compatible secondary container. If so, share your PPT presentation slides online with PowerShow.com. February 1, 2021. Biocide. What is a Toxic Chemical? Inhalation, Ingestion and direct contact with toxic substances are possible pathways of exposure to toxic chemicals (Department of Health, 2013). into your machine. PowerShow.com is a leading presentation sharing website. The SlideShare family just got bigger. They can even get accumulated in the food chain and damage the organisms in it. Ethanol Abuse and Toxic Alcohol Ingestion - . Faculty of Fisheries First record of invasive croaking gourami, Trichopsis vittata (Cuvier 1831) Distribution and Taxonomic Study of a Newly Recorded Croaking Gourami, Tricho History of oceanography: origin and development, Origin and developmental history of oceanography, Effects and control of aquatic vascular plants, CHEMICAL EFFECT OF ELECTRIC CURRENT-5 (2021-22).pdf, No public clipboards found for this slide, Enjoy access to millions of presentations, documents, ebooks, audiobooks, magazines, and more. It also harms the nervous system and causes sleeping disorders. Chemicals are considered highly toxic when the LD50/LC50 is small and practically non-toxic when the value is large. dish channel packages macquarie university hospital new graduate program 2022 implement 3 stacks in a single array in c. teamsnap reviews. Acute & Chronic damages Acute toxicity - victim becomes ill or injured after short exposure sometimes just a few moments Chronic toxicity - effects of a toxicant on a body over a long period, sometimes several years Effects may not be noticed until the damage is too far advanced to correct. Due to wide industrial use of lead, the harmful effects of lead have been undermined until now. Exposure to even small amounts of Mercury is a threat to child development in the uterus. Figure 7.1 shows some classes of organic compounds that are widely used. Hazard A hazard is generally anything that can hurt you or make you ill. 2. We carry out . Risks: Cancer, neurological disorders, Alzheimer's disease, foggy head, fatigue, nausea and . DMAc and DMF, both solvents that can potentially cause acute toxic hepatitis (Baum and Suruda 1997; Choi et al. WELFREDO LUBRICO YU,JR. Biocide is actually chemical possessing the active substance which able to fight against the harmful organisms like bacteria or pests. Gasoline is also a toxic Be aware of safety hazards associated with each chemical you use. Department of Health (2013) What You Know Can Help You- An Introduction to Toxic Substances [Online] Available at www.health.ny.gov [Accessed on 31 March 2015]. document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); Enter your email address to follow this blog and receive notifications of new posts by email. Chemical Storage Flammable liquids that require refrigeration must be stored in a fireproof refrigerator, which does not contain any ignition sources. The following table lists the most common TICs listed by their hazard index. Harmful properties There is particular concern about 3 types of chemicals in use today. Human exposure to hazardous chemicals can occur at the source or the chemical could move to a place where people can come into contact with it. . Chemicals can move through air, soil, and water. Categories of Toxic Chemicals Toxics: poisons; usually cause systemic damage Reactives: react chemically with everyday substances Corrosives: corrode substances including flesh Flammables: burn Compressed gases: very high pressure (cylinder) May or may not contain a toxic or flammable gas. Our app Giftfrei einkaufen (toxic-free shopping) lists chemicals to avoid. Shoaibe Hossain Talukder Shefat toxic chemicals, biological hazards, radioisotopes, etc.). Toxic industrial chemicals can be in the gas, liquid, or solid state. If so, just upload it to PowerShow.com. Physical hazards such as noise, fire, tornadoes, hurricanes, earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, floods and ionizing radiation. "These findings point to the urgent need to eliminate more releases of these chemicals into the environment," said David Andrews, a senior scientist at the nonprofit Environmental Working Group and one of . Heavy Metals: Metals like arsenic, mercury, lead, aluminum & cadmium, which are prevalent in our environment - will gravitate & accumulate in the soft tissues of the body ( 6 ). Doing so will help prevent bottles from breaking during an earthquake and will help absorb any spilled chemicals. respiratory system lesson plan grade 4. Here are some instances which prove the disastrous nature of toxic chemicals. There is a huge count of toxic chemicals. Nitrogen at 78 concentration in the air is. We have already discussed in the beginning that all chemicals are not toxic in nature. We have an exciting opportunity for a highly qualified & experienced Research Associate/Fellow to join our team on a partner track in as part of the Low carbon concrete consortium. flammability oxidizing and reducing agents corrosives water reactive toxic chemicals, Patient Safety, Culture of Safety and Just Culture - . Do you have PowerPoint slides to share? Environment testing labs can trace any toxic substances and pollutants present in the environment. Direct skin contact with DDT can cause skin infections and tingling or creeping on skin. Contact through absorption, inhalation, ingestion, or injection Systemic Damage - effect of a substance after absorption the bloodstream. mercury, lead, cadmium, arsenic) (3) Food related chemicals (food preservatives, antibiotics, hormones, etc.) sources us sk samsung dram china stabbing in coalville last night. Chemicals found in acids, pesticides, industrial wastes, or animal by-products can get into the ground and surface water. It has millions of presentations already uploaded and available with 1,000s more being uploaded by its users every day. Environmental toxins are unavoidable. Following exposure to DDT, humans may experience vomiting, nausea and tremors or shakiness. Shelving used for chemical storage must have a lip or equivalent (glass panel doors dont qualify). Activate your 30 day free trialto unlock unlimited reading. Nitrates in drinking water have been found to have carcinogenic effects on oesophagus, stomach, bladder and colon (Villanueva et al., 2014). TOXIC ORGANIC CHEMICALS - . All Rights Reserved. But it proved to be so toxic to the wider marine environment that it was banned from use on small vessels in the UK in the late 1980s and was banned completely worldwide during the 2000s. Chemicals and Toxics Topics EPA uses sound science to research safer chemicals and regulate harmful substances. Reducing Chronic Diseases and Disorders Through Safer Solutions. Researchers calculated that eating one fish in a year equated to ingesting water with PFOS at 48 parts per . According to the International Register of Potentially Toxic Chemicals of the UNEP (United Nations Environment Programme), there are four million known chemicals in the world today and another 30,000 new chemical compounds are added to this list every year. safety is when workers are free from, LABORATORY AND FIELD SAFETY - . PPT - Republic Act No. They can be chemical hazards (e.g., carcinogens, reproductive hazards, corrosives, or agents that affect the lungs or blood) or physical hazards (e.g., flammable, combustible, explosive, or reactive). Proposition 65, officially known as the Safe Drinking Water and Toxic Enforcement Act of 1986, was enacted as a ballot initiative in November 1986. Particularly dangerous chemicals should be isolated in storage (e.g. Chemicals can enter the environment from many different sources such as landfills, incinerators, tanks, drums, or factories. Your email address will not be published. By whitelisting SlideShare on your ad-blocker, you are supporting our community of content creators. Six contained what the study's lead author characterized as "screamingly. The various health and environmental effects of chemicals are as follows: The various effects seen on animals are as follows: Thus, we can say that the presence of chemicals in our environment is for decades and everybody encounters it on daily basis knowingly or unknowingly. Local Damage - affects only the exposed part. (2013) Manganese Exposure Cognitive Motor and Behavioural Effects on Children : A Review of Recent Findings. hat chemicals are in the food we eat? The safe level of TBT is 0.2 PPT or a fifth of a drop. Nearly everyone is exposed to solvents during normal daily activities. Many different potential health effects e.g. Chemical Safety Chemicals under the Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA) Disinfectants for Coronavirus (COVID-19) Toxic Chemicals in The Environment and Their Adverse Effects. Un-needed Chemicals Benefits: Minimization of accidents, fires, or other events. The right dose differentiates a poison and a remedy. . Major Hazards Cultural hazards: such as unsafe working conditions, smoking, poor diet, drugs, drinking, driving, criminal assault and poverty. This is the meaning behind the statement "the dose makes the poison.". 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Meanwhile, there is still no federal regulation for this huge class of chemicals, which includes over 12,000 by the EPA's latest estimates. This number can be much higher for infants and children. Chemicals are used in every step of the process that puts food on our table: production, harvesting, processing, packing, transport, marketing and consumption and can be dangerous to our health. A Presentation Classes of Toxic Chemicals and Their Effects on Human and Aquatic Animals for Term Paper. 461 park avenue, Process Safety Management of Highly Hazardous Chemicals 29 CFR 1910.119 (PSM) - . or ppt, for one month. disasters that led to process safety, Food Safety - . Environmental - Substances that are harmful to the environment. . Powerpoint Lecture. By Ryan Felton. Lead is a cumulative toxin. speaker. Avoid plastic labeled with the recycle symbol #3 is made of PVC. PFOS builds up in human blood, doesn't break down in the environment and triggers health problems such as liver damage, impaired fertility, immune system disorders, thyroid disease, increased. Chemicals are a part of everyone's life . Free access to premium services like Tuneln, Mubi and more. Textile dyes and additives are even a factor in air pollution when contaminants are released into the environment . Jan. 17, 2023 -- Freshwater fish caught in the nation's rivers and the Great Lakes had dangerous levels of a toxic additive that has leached into the nation's drinking water, a new study says. ), Labeling All chemical containers must belabeled and legible Improper Labeling, Chemical Storage Caution: Place groups of compatible chemicals together. What is a Poison? 6969 Toxic Substances and Hazardous and Nuclear Wastes Control Act Like Share Report 11273 Views Download Presentation First Aid INFORM INSTRUCTOR OF ANY INJURY NO MATTER HOW SMALL! Comment * document.getElementById("comment").setAttribute( "id", "aa2f56174eb38db94eedfad195756298" );document.getElementById("c827c10d61").setAttribute( "id", "comment" ); Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. We Offer Hundreds of Free PPT and themes for PowerPoint. O 2 O + O. Endocrine disruptors are found in many everyday products, including some plastic bottles and containers, liners of metal food cans, detergents, flame retardants, food, toys, cosmetics, and pesticides. The toxicity of elements and other chemicals is related to two factors: (1) the exposure (dose) and (2) the vulnerability of an organism to the particular substance. Plants and animals will die if they are exposed to hazardous chemical waste. The concentration of Cadmium in the environment over a certain level can be toxic to the biota. Health. Gothenburg, Sweden Toxic chemicals in plastic waste exports from wealthy countries are contaminating food in developing/transition countries around the world, according to a new study released today by the International Pollutants Elimination Network (IPEN).. Create public & corporate wikis; Collaborate to build & share knowledge; Update & manage pages in a click; Customize your wiki, your way 3. Nitrogen concentrations showed significant seasonal variation trends and dramatically changed in 18 sampling sites of Jinshan Lake. Categories of Toxic Chemicals Toxics: poisons; usually cause systemic damage Reactives: react chemically with everyday substances Corrosives: corrode substances including flesh Flammables: burn Compressed gases: very high pressure (cylinder) May or may not contain a toxic or flammable gas. The alarming finding is based on an analysis of hundreds of fish caught by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency since 2013 safety is. It has been estimated that exposure to environmental chemical carcinogens may contribute significantly to the causation of a sizable fraction, perhaps a majority, of human cancers, when exposures are related to "life-style" factors such as diet, tobacco use, etc. For the majority of chemicals used and developed, In many countries, chemicals are dumped into the, Many workers are required to work - without any, Nearly all workers today are exposed to some sort, So it is important to learn as much as possible. Lab safety is a major aspect of every lab based Science class. environment. Toxic Chemicals&Lab Safety Dr. Ramy Y. Morjan Assistant Professor of Organic Chemistry Chemistry Department-IUG 2009. Title: Environmental Hazards and Human Health . Health. The disproportionate burden of toxic chemicals from beauty products among women of color is an environmental injustice of beauty since intersectional systems of oppression (i.e., racism, sexism, classism) influence Eurocentric beauty norms (e.g., societal preferences for light skin and straight hair) and racialized beauty practices, all of . Do not eat or put anything in your mouth while. On the trail of chemicals in our everyday lives, Acute chemical intoxications systemically toxic chemicals, Regulating Chemicals Toxic Substances Control Act, Controlling Pesticides and Toxic Chemicals. PowerShow.com is brought to you byCrystalGraphics, the award-winning developer and market-leading publisher of rich-media enhancement products for presentations. Interactions (including antagonism, potentiation, and synergies) usually occur at Toxic Chemicals in the Daily Environment Reducing Chronic Diseases and DisordersThrough Safer Solutions Ted Schettler MD, MPH Science and Environmental Health Network www.sehn.org 2 Health environment Poverty Racism Stress Access to health care Social support Nutrition Toxic chemicals Radiation Infections Physical agents Chemical wastes that are corrosive can also burn skin when in contact and their vapor may even burns the eyes. 1. This lecture covers both the living and non-living causes of disease in the environment. September 24, 2020. environment. Probable Oral Dose for Humans Toxicity. Freshwater fish are significantly more contaminated with toxic forever chemicals than saltwater fish and shellfish, analysis shows. Unfortunately, there is little consensus on the answer. Environmental toxins have also been linked to an increased prevalence of Autism, Alzheimer's, and other serious neurological . Any chemical which, when ingested, inhaled, absorbed or injected into the body, in relatively small amounts, by its chemical action, may cause damage to structure or disturbance to function. . LC50 is often expressed as mg of chemical per volume (e.g., liter (l)) of medium (i.e., air or water) the organism is exposed to. Usually, the larger or more intense the dose, the greater the response, or the effect. Methylmercury: Sport Fish PCBs: Fish and shellfish Venoms: Stonefish, Lionfish Shellfish Poisons: ASP, DSP, NSP, PSP Botulin: Canned Products Sodium Benzoate: Used in preservation Others: DDTs and Dieldrin, Aflatoxin, Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers Major Sources: Air, drinking water and food can contain chloroform. of time. Introduction. Most of OSHA's PELs for Shipyard Employment are contained in 1915.1000 - Toxic and Hazardous Substances, and are listed by chemical name. chp 1, radiation safety organization. Biological hazards from pathogens, pollen and other allergens and animals, such as bees and poisonous snakes. Improper Storage Incompatible chemicals stored together (oxidizers and fuel sources), and no lip, rail, cable, or equivalent. Persistent, bioaccumulative and toxic substances Persistent, bioaccumulative and toxic substances ( PBTs) are a class of compounds that have high resistance to degradation from abiotic and biotic factors, high mobility in the environment and high toxicity. Exposure to these contaminants has threatened the health of humans and wildlife everywhere. Chemicals may also be excreted back into the environment or metabolized (bio-transformed) into other forms, which may be more or less toxic than the original chemical. Arsenic is a natural semi-metallic chemical. Ted Schettler MD, MPH Science and Environmental Health Network www.sehn.org. Directions To Tri-city Hospital, Material Safety Data Sheets If you are unable to find a MSDS for a particular material, contact the manufacturer (contact info is found on primary chemical container label). Toxic PFAS chemicals have been detected in seven out of 10 insecticides tested in the US, according to new research. Because of these features, as long as they remain in commerce and may therefore be released into the environment, they will threaten the health of humans and wildlife. Ozone molecule contains three oxygen atoms (O3). Chemical Hazard Symbols and Definitions Flammable Any substance that will burn if exposed to an open flame. Is Debt Investment An Asset, A peer-reviewed study by scientists at the Environmental Working Group estimates that more than 200 million Americans could have the toxic fluorinated chemicals known as PFAS in their drinking water at a concentration of 1 part per trillion, or ppt, or higher. furmanite has a full-time safety director and a comprehensive safety program, 7. At higher levels in the atmosphere the UV radiation splits some oxygen molecules (O2) into free oxygen atoms which combines with oxygen molecules (O2) to form ozone. Before elaborating on the presence of toxic chemicals in the environment, we must have a basic idea about . Example of a common corrosive is battery acid. Reducing Chronic Diseases and Disorders Through Safer Solutions. We have recently discussed that any chemical can cause damage to humans and animals to a high extent. Also known as Docosyltrimethylammonium chloride, this cheap, harsh chemical can cause skin and eye. UV radiation. In a similar way, children are more prone to have vulnerable effects of toxic chemicals in comparison to adults. The following label would qualify as a Secondary Chemical Container Label, if filled out properly: Hazard Warning System The System is used to rate hazards on Primary and Secondary Container Labels Blue Health Hazard Red Flammability Yellow Reactivity White Contact Hazard (numbers indicate contact hazard with skin, W indicates water contact hazard and OX indicates oxidizer) Rating system is from 0 to 4. Free Chemical Flasks PowerPoint Template September 18, 2015 . Persistent, Bioaccumulative and Toxic Chemicals (PBTs) Chemicals that are persistent in the environment, bioaccumulate in people and/or wildlife, and are toxic are called PBTs. Vol 122 (3), pp. Definition. And, again, its all free. Oxidizers should not be stored on combustible shelving. Toxic Chemicals in the Environment Virtually no day goes by without an alert from the media about some chemical in the environment that is suspected of harming our health. It relies on the concept that a dose, or a time of exposure (to a chemical, drug, or toxic substance), will cause an effect (response) on the exposed organism. Under the Safe Drinking and Toxic Enforcement Act of 1986 (Proposition 65), the state of California is required to publish the names of chemicals that are linked to the development of cancer and reproductive toxicity. Worldometers (n.d.) estimated 310 kg of toxic chemicals being released every second in the world. unit 4. shop safety. 1910 subpart z. objectives. Introduction Chemicals are a part of everyone's life There are five to seven million different chemicals known in the world. Home ISSUES TOXIC CHEMICALS We are exposed to chemicals everywhere in our daily lives. Virtually all plastics contain hazardous chemical additives. Effect of adding waste to the environment :- Human activities produce a lot of waste materials which are thrown away into the environment. Minor burns: hold under cold running water Minor cuts: rinse under cold running water, Material Safety Data Sheets(MSDS) Material Safety Data Sheets are used to obtain hazard information; including physical hazards and health hazards describe the physical and chemical properties recommend precautions for handling, storage and disposal Note: Always read the MSDS before working with a chemical. Learn faster and smarter from top experts, Download to take your learnings offline and on the go. , Kogevinas, M. , Lordier, S. , Templeton, M.R., Vermeulen, R., Nuckols, J. R. , Nieuwenhuijsen, M. J. and Levallois, P. (2014) Assessing Exposure and Health Consequences of Chemicals in Drinking Water: Current State of Knowledge and Research Needs. Chemicals can enter the environment from many different sources such as landfills, incinerators, tanks, drums, or factories. Chemicals and Toxics Topics. Container Labeling There are two types of containers, each is labeled differently Primary Containers The container which was shipped from the manufacturer and bears the manufacturers label. 0 indicating no hazard and 4 indicating severe hazard (can be lethal etc. dr paul connett professor of chemistry st lawrence university, canton, ny italy, SAFETY : Central to Everything We Do - .

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