Get a Britannica Premium subscription and gain access to exclusive content. The railway was to run 420 kilometres through rugged jungle. When you got back to your sleeping platform you only had a tin of water to wash your feet. Now they find themselves dumped in these charnel houses, driven and brutally knocked about by the Jap and Korean guards, unable to buy extra food, bewildered, sick, frightened. The British POWs suffered the highest number of dead of any Allied group on the ThaiBurma railway. Between June 1942 and October 1943 the POWs and forced labourers laid some 258 miles (415 km) of track from Ban Pong, Thailand (roughly 45 miles [72 km] west of Bangkok), to Thanbyuzayat, Burma (roughly 35 miles [56 km] south of Mawlamyine). [37] British doctor Robert Hardie wrote: "The conditions in the coolie camps down river are terrible," Basil says, "They are kept isolated from Japanese and British camps. On 16 January 1946, the British ordered Japanese POWs to remove a four kilometre stretch of rail between Nikki (Ni Thea) and Sonkrai. Kanchanaburi War Cemetery, in the city of Kanchanaburi, contains the graves of 6,982 personnel comprising: A memorial at the Kanchanaburi cemetery lists 11 other members of the Indian Army, who are buried in nearby Muslim cemeteries.[94]. Most of the prisoners of the Japanese were Australian Army about 21 000. They have no latrines. From June 1942 onwards large groups of prisoners were transferred periodically to Thailand and Burma from Java, Sumatra and Borneo. IWM collections, This media is not currently available. Alternatively, send a cheque to our treasurer, Cheques should be made payable to COFEPOW and sent to the following address:-, Mr. David BrownCOFEPOW14 RidgecroftAshton-Under-LyneLancashireOL7 9TGUnited Kingdom, Choose between a single or joint membership. The railway connected Thailand and Burma and was shut down in 1947, after the war. Human hair was often used for brushes, plant juices and blood for paint, and toilet paper as the "canvas". During this time, prisoners suffered from disease, malnutrition, and cruel forms of punishment and torture inflicted by the Japanese. The Prisoner of War Management Office (Furyo Kanribu) The Prisoner of War Management Office (Furyo Kanribu) was established by the Minister for the Army on 31 March 1942 as an additional office to deal with the treatment of POWs. [72] He served 11 years. However, it is known that all of them had volunteered to serve. Stolen banknotes and jewelry along with Holocaust victims' dental gold, wedding rings, and even scrap gold melted down from spectacles-frames flooded into the Max Heiliger accounts, completely filling several bank vaults by 1942. Australian POW Prisoners of War Books about Thai Burma Railway Hellfire Pass Military Books DVD Docos. This was to be over 400 Km long through inhospitable jungle and hills. Notebook kept by Captain Harold Lord, regular officer in the Royal Army Service Corps (RASC), whilst a Japanese prisoner of war working on the Burma-Thailand railway in 1943, listing neatly and chronologically the names of the British prisoners of war who worked on the railway, May - December 1943, together with the following information about each: rank, serial number, regiment, date of birth, home address, next-of-kin, religion, date on which arrived at the camp, and date of leaving because of illness (the type of illness is stated in each case) or, as in many cases, death. Japanese soldiers, 12,000 of them, including 800 Koreans, were employed on the railway as engineers, guards, and supervisors of the POW and rmusha labourers. The construction of the railway has been the subject of a novel and an award-winning film, The Bridge on the River Kwai (itself an adaptation of the French language novel The Bridge over the River Kwai); a novel, The Narrow Road to the Deep North by Richard Flanagan, and a large number of personal accounts of POW experiences. List of Australian Army Medical Corp Officers on the Burma-Thailand Railway A FORCE To Burma May 1942 D FORCE To Southern end of line March 1943 DUNLOP FORCE To Southern end of line January 1943 F FORCE To Northern Thailand April 1943 H FORCE To Southern end of line 1943 L FORCE Deployed in medical support of natives August 1943 [57][58], In addition to malnutrition and physical abuse, malaria, cholera, dysentery and tropical ulcers were common contributing factors in the death of workers on the Burma Railway. [23] On 1 February 1947, two people including Momluang Kri Dechatiwong[th], the Thai Minister of Transport, were killed on an inspection tour because the bridge near Konkoita had collapsed. The Americans were called the Lost Battalion as their fate was unknown to the United States for more than two years after their capture. Little is known of why the men of the 2nd AIF volunteered to serve. First, the Burmese city of Lashio was the southern terminus of the Burma Road, the main resupply route for Chinese during the Sino-Japanese War. The prisoners were sent to various destinations throughout the Pacific and Southeast Asia to provide forced labour for the Japanese army, journeys that carried with them a taste of the nightmare to come. The 75th anniversary of the infamous Thai-Burma Railway built by World War II prisoners of war will be marked today. Undoubtedly Australian POWs did display such qualities on the ThaiBurma railway and elsewhere. [53], The construction of the Burma Railway is counted as a war crime committed by Japan in Asia. His account of the conditions and suffering endured by his fellow prisoners and himself makes for the most extraordinary and disturbing reading. Highlights. April 1942 to October 1943. Fifty-nine were women from the Australian Army Nursing Service. They were outnumbered by the British, the Dutch and large cohorts of Asian labourers (rmusha), particularly Burmese and Tamils from Malaya. The Burma Railway, also known as the SiamBurma Railway, ThaiBurma Railway and similar names, or as the Death Railway, is a 415km (258mi) railway between Ban Pong, Thailand and Thanbyuzayat, Burma (now called Myanmar). Hekking died in 1994. [9] Much of the construction materials, including tracks and sleepers, were brought from dismantled branches of Malaya's Federated Malay States Railway network and the East Indies' various rail networks. Red Cross parcels helped, but these were invariably held up by the Japanese. Records of Naval Operating Forces, RG 313. [73] Bad weather forced the cancellation of the mission and the AZON was never deployed against the bridge. The barracks were about 60m (66yd) long with sleeping platforms raised above the ground on each side of an earthen floor. To pursue those ends and to support their continued offensives in the Burma theatre, the Japanese began construction of what came to be known as the Burma Railway. On this end of the railway the workforce was largely Australian, Dutch and local rmusha. Javanese, Malayan Tamils of Indian origin, Burmese, Chinese, Thai, and other Southeast Asians, forcibly drafted by the Imperial Japanese Army to work on the railway, died in its construction. However, the British would form only a minority of the Allied POWs in Burma. The 'Market Garden' plan employed all three divisions of First Allied Airborne Army. The Burma Railway, also known as the Death Railway, the Siam-Burma Railway, the Thai-Burma Railway and similar names, is a 415km (258miles) railway between Ban Pong, Thailand and Thanbyuzayat, Burma (now called Myanmar).It was built from 1940 to 1943 by civilian labourers impressed or recruited by the Japanese and prisoners of war taken by the Japanese, to supply troops and weapons in the . description Object description. 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[48][49] In the foreword to Charles's book, James D. Hornfischer summarizes: "Dr. Henri Hekking was a tower of psychological and emotional strength, almost shamanic in his power to find and improvise medicines from the wild prison of the jungle". The quality of medical care received by different groups of prisoners varied enormously. Since the 8th Division was raised during the crisis of the fall of France in mid-1940, these men would also have chosen to play a role in averting Allied defeat. Australians were not the largest national group on the railway. In Saigon, the Brits accused Aussies of exaggerating conditions on the Railway. More than 11 percent of civilian internees and 27 percent of Allied POWs died or were killed while in Japanese custody; by contrast, the death rate for Allied POWs in German camps was around 4 percent. An Australian memorial is at Hellfire Pass. Used with permission of the author, Lilian Sluyter. Dancing Along the Deadline : The Andersonville Memoir of a Prisoner of the Confederacy. By late spring 1942, with the surrender of Allied strongholds in Singapore, Hong Kong, the Philippines, and the Dutch East Indies, an estimated 140,000 Allied prisoners of war had fallen into Japanese hands. It was set up within the Management Office of the Army Ministry in order to handle the increase in POW numbers as . Camps were usually named after the kilometre where they were located. [25][26] After the accident, it was decided to end the line at Nam Tok and reuse the remainder to rehabilitate the line. Approximately 13,000 prisoners of war died and were buried along the railway. The Commonwealth War Graves Commission cemetery at Thanbyuzayat, Myanmar, holds 621 Dutch graves, Copyright 2023 Burma Thailand Railway Memorial Association. [59], Several museums are dedicated to those who perished building the railway. Elsewhere in the Pacific some 10 000 British, Canadian and Indian troops were captured when Hong Kong fell in December 1941 and further 5000 in the Netherlands East Indies (now Indonesia) in early 1942. Estimates vary but the number who worked on the railway was possibly as high as 18 000. See more ideas about prisoners of war, war, historical. During its construction, approximately 13,000 prisoners of war died and were buried along the railway. Work began at both ends of the rail line in June 1942. The living and working conditions on the railway were horrific. In October 1943, the railway station was finished. Labor furnished by prisoners of war shall have no direct relation with war operations. Listed under D-Day - The Normandy Invasion. Burma-Siam Railway 1942-1945, Second World War. IWM collections, This media is not currently available. Nearly 15 000 were captured on Singapore in February 1942 and over a thousand on each of Ambon, Dutch Timor, and New Britain. The notorious Burma-Siam railway, built by British, Australian, Dutch and American prisoners of war, was a Japanese project inspired by the need for improved communications to maintain the large Japanese army in Burma. In 1939 the age limits for enlistment in the AIF were 19 to 35 years of age (higher for officers and some NCOs). The list contains over 1700 names and is particularly interesting as a record of the decimation, by disease or untreated wounds, of prisoners working on the Burma-Thailand railway. 61,000 Prisoners of War were forced to work on the Burma-Thailand Railway in the most atrocious conditions. Privacy Policy. The horrendous experiences endured by the thousands of POWs has made the Burma Railway a place of pilgrimage and commemoration. Navy and the auxiliary forces of the Royal Netherlands East Indies Army. There, approximately 20% of the Allied POWs died during its construction. He was taken to Ambon and apparently died in 1944 on board ship returning from Ambon to Java, After the war he was officially reported to have died on 6th September 1944 and buried at sea. On 3 April, a second bombing raid, this time by Liberator heavy bombers of the U.S. Army Air Forces (USAAF), damaged the wooden railroad bridge once again. Conduct Unbecoming : The Story of the Murder of Canadian Prisoners of War in Normandy. The Japanese would not allow the prisoners to construct a symbol (a white triangle on a blue base) indicating the presence of a prisoner of war camp, and these raids added their quota to the deaths on the line. ARTICLE 30. Contact our Media sales & Licensing team about access. Includes Changi, the Burma-Thailand Railway, Sandakan, Timor, Ambon, Rabaul and Japan, and the prisoners who died . Under Australian legislation prior to 1943 conscripts could be used only for the defence of Australian territories. THAILAND_POW_Camps_rosters (WO 361-2171) - Numerous rosters of POWs in Thailand. Its route was through Three Pagodas Pass on the border of Thailand and Burma. Those who have no known grave are commemorated by name on memorials elsewhere; the land forces on either the Rangoon Memorial or the Singapore Memorial and the naval casualties on memorials at the manning ports. After the railway was completed, the POWs still had almost two years to survive before liberation. 321 relations. Thereafter work on the railway consisted of maintenance, and repairs to damage caused by Allied bombing. Khwae was frequently mispronounced by non-Thai speakers as kwai, or 'buffalo' in Thai). [34] Approximately 90,000 Burmese and 75,000 Malayans worked on the railroad. Some 30 000 of these prisoners of war later worked on the Thai-Burma railway. They utilised a labour force composed of prisoners of war taken in the campaigns in South-East Asia and the Pacific, and coolies brought from Malaya and the Dutch East Indies or conscripted in Siam and Burma. [30][33], In early 1943, the Japanese advertised for workers in Malaya, Singapore, and the Dutch East Indies, promising good wages, short contracts, and housing for families. The final group of Dutch arrived in Burma as part of Group 5 in April 1943, bringing the total of Dutch in Burma to around 4600. (Supplied: Andrew Glynn) Families find long-lost answers [73], The two bridges were successfully bombed and damaged on 13 February 1945 by bomber aircraft from the Royal Air Force (RAF). Max Heiliger did a lot more then just laundering money for the Nazis. My Dad is not with us to tell his own story although he did keep a diary . 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burma railway prisoners of war list